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so my name is my llanes I am actually an

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undergrad here and brian is my advisor

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so that's why our talks are related he

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basically passed this project on to me

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because he had some more interesting

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things to do with share on so I

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inherited Pluto what's kind of

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interesting just as some background is

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that as we just discussed ultimately the

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answer for what I'm about to ask is that

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Sharon is really tiny can't really hold

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on to all these same ball to Isis they

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can kind of just get blown away because

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it doesn't really have an atmosphere

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which is where we tend to find these but

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ultimately Pluto and Charon are really

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close together so when you compare this

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to our own earth and moon it's about a

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factor of 80 difference so put sharon's

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about 80 times closer to Pluto than our

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moon is to earth in addition there

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tidally locked and triple synchronous

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what that means is that Pluto and Charon

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are always showing the exact same side

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to each other so as Pluto orbits rotates

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Sharon orbits at the same time frame and

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the same rate so they're always facing

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each other at the exact same side which

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is pretty interesting really close

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together always facing the same side to

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each other but they're different and

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they were formed in the same giant

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impact which means that at this

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basically as Brian explained they had a

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grazing impact all the stuff gets thrown

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in the air so they all have the same

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beginning material but they evolved

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really differently ultimately answered

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by the fact that Sharon's really tiny

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but what you do see on Pluto's surface

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is basically three volatile ices and two

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carbon monoxide and methane and these

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are kind of important because that's

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basically all we see aside from water

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ice and as Brian mentioned we really

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only discovered the water ice because of

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New Horizons so based off of

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ground-based research the only things

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we're seeing are these three ball to

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Isis those are the only things we can

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really track and keep ideas of how much

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and things like that sharon has none of

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them so it's kind of interesting why are

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they form so differently once again

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Sharon's really bad so what we did was

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we obtained data from the Apache point

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observatory in New Mexico across nine

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nights throughout two years and in the

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second I'll explain why this is really

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important why we did it in a specific

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way but ultimately what we did was use a

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3.5 meter telescope I shined it up at

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Pluto we took all this data and because

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we're looking through the Earth's

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atmosphere we have a bunch of correction

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to do in reduction to do so basically we

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get really nice images

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and then we have to take those images

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and turn them into squiggly curvy lines

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that actually show us something which

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takes a while and is really nice but as

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you'll see it can sometimes make them

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kind of ugly so matched pairs what we

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did was we had a matched pair system so

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what makes this important and why this

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Pluto surface composition and results

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are more important is that we were able

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to erase some of the incidences that can

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make our data misleading and what we

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were able to do was so this is you on

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earth all smiley and happy right now

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what we call the sub observable attitude

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is that Pluto is beneath you so the

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enemy's gate is down okay and what this

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means is that for each of our matched

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pairs we were on the exact same

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hemisphere of Pluto at the exact same

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lat latitude and longitude which means

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that we were staring at the exact same

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point every time we made results and

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with that it's a 420 day cycle which

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means that June of 2013 matches with

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August of 2014 June of 2014 matches with

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August of 2015 extra etc and what this

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does is that you know puto is slightly

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more rotated or slightly tilted

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differently because we weren't doing

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this in this what 420 day cycle we would

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be able to say that oh maybe these

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changes we're seeing in surface

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composition aren't actually due to the

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fact that we're seeing changes or in

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abundance it's that we're looking at

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maybe the polar caps inside the equator

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or something like that it's that you

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know basically the latitude can change a

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little bit but you're still looking at

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the same area the same hemisphere same

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point so that we're able to erase

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viewing geometry errors and rotational

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phase errors so over the course of two

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thousand 12 2013 William Grundy made a

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series of a series of observations of

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Pluto and the average them out over the

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12 year time span which is what this is

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and we ultimately used his last set his

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last year of data in June in 2013 to

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compare with our own so this is really

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important this is great we got an

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average spectra of Pluto which means

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that we looked at Pluto we got the stuff

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we see what's absorbing on its surface

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and we can see what it's made out of

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that's great but by using our matched

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pairs we can study how it's changing

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over time on a short time scale and see

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if that's actually happening and if

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we're seeing these changes in abundances

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based off of how deep these curves get

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so that's why this is really important

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that's ultimately what we're looking for

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is can we see changes on Pluto's surface

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in the time

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of Earth years because we look at

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Pluto's orbit it's 248 years long which

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means that in the course that's existed

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which is only about 80 years that's

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about how long we've known fluid is

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discovered we haven't even seen half of

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its orbit and we've only had spectral

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data for the past 40 years from the

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1970s which means that we've only seen

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what it could possibly be made out of in

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40 years and during that time it was

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that perihelion which means it was the

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closest it can be to the Sun so we've

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only seen in approaching the closest and

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moving away from the closest the

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information we're getting from New

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Horizons and ground observing now is

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actually the farthest we've ever seen

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Pluto from the Sun and been able to get

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results so it's kind of an important

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time right now because we're seeing

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Pluto at a time we've in a place we've

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never seen before and we're seeing how

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it can be changing so pay attention to

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this there's a specific little bloop and

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then two tops okay this is a methane

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band and it's kind of important for

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specifically what we were looking for

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which was changes in methane due to the

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fact that it would be moving away

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getting colder and methane is less

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volatile which makes it more inclined to

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precipitate down so we were ultimately

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trying to see is there a change in

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methane so this is our data as I

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mentioned it could get really ugly

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that's because as I mentioned we're

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looking through Earth's atmosphere

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Earth's atmosphere has a bunch of water

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vapor that likes to gunk up our data our

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Corrections weren't going so well this

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week so because of that we have a lot of

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ugliness but you can still see the

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little blip and a double hump structure

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which is still methane so we're still

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able to use this because when we're

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comparing this to the past ones they

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also have these telluric absorption

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areas so they will cancel out eventually

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and work out to give us an answer that's

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kind of correct and can get better which

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is what we're aiming for but looking at

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that same methane hump and subtracting

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these two areas after normalizing there

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the y axis which is albedo we're able to

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get this this doesn't look very pretty

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either but if you notice right here at

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just about the same wavelength as right

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here there's a dip and what this did

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means is so that this was taken from

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subtracting data from 2014 from data

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from 2015 or vice versa data from 2015

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from data from 2014 so we're able to say

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it's because this is a negative dip we

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know that there was more methane in 2015

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than there was in 2014 and although this

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is still plenty Mary see it could

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potentially be an increase we're hoping

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that it actually is

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and what this means that we are seeing

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an increase in methane and a period of

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just one year and I mean we're looking

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at ultimately a course of three to four

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years but in one year potentially

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there's already a difference which is

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really important as I mentioned because

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we are moving away Pluto's moving away

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from the Sun that we're seeing it get

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colder we're seeing it precipitate down

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and we might actually be able to see how

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its surface is evolving over the course

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of just its orbit which is pretty cool

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so how does this really tasker biology

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so what you guys know as chin-ups I know

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a sponge which is a Mexican pastry that

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basically has jelly marshmallows on top

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of a cookie and I just like it much

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better than chin-ups cuz spunk just so

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much more fun to say so out of the six

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elements that we know are required for

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macromolecules and for life eventually

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Pluto has four of them it has methane

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carbon monoxide and nitrogen so it's

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already two-thirds of the way there and

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we know that it's not doing too much but

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we know cryovolcanism might be an idea

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we know that there's water ice we know

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that stuff's going on and with this

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increase of methane on the surface we

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might be seeing some really interesting

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things going on so it's kind of

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important that it already has these four

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and what these four could mean for the

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beginning stages of macromolecules like

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carbohydrates are non meth and

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hydrocarbons like ethylene ethane and a

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ceiling so it's pretty cool so UV

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radiation is also something really

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interesting Pluto gets about 1 900 the

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UV radiation that we that we receive and

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that's just too its atmosphere that's

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not counting what gets through its

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surface well methane does must most of

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the absorbing in its atmosphere well if

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methane is the one that's precipitating

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down what's going to happen to its

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atmosphere now the UV radiation isn't

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being blocked their the UV radiation is

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actually hitting its surface so if we

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revisit Pluto's surface there's a lot of

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funky things going on with Sputnik

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Planum we don't know what's going on

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there we just found out a bunch of

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interesting information no one else

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going on but over here which you can't

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really read it says Cthulhu reggio and

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Casula radio is basically organic goop

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so the best analogy I can come up with

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is if you have a big ol pile of snow in

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a driveway or parking lot and it melts

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away what you're left with is like black

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gunky solid goop right that's basically

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what that is except its methane instead

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of water ice and it's toxic you know

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would probably kill us but it's goop and

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it's solid goop coming from methane so

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if more of this methane is precipitating

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down in the course of its 248

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48 year orbit we could be seeing more of

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Pluto turning to goop which would be

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interesting because we know that if it's

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going to be like this it means that

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there's more absorption happening at the

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surface instead of the atmosphere which

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could potentially change other types of

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composition and cause interesting

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reactions and interesting things to

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happen on Pluto's surface that we

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haven't been able to observe before and

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this is kind of important because when

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you look at it in a big picture scale

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Kuiper belt objects far outnumber other

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types of planets like Mars or earth-like

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planets and because of that if we aren't

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studying them and seeing these changes

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and seeing these evolutions just because

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they're on a really long time scale we

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don't know what the full potential is of

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our entire universe the fact of the

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matter is is that looking at Pluto we

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know it's going to change and we've

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never seen it change this way before and

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it's a great way to look at it because

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we know that methane is precipitating we

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can study that we can see how it's

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changing over this next you know twenty

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to a hundred years as it moves farther

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and farther away and we've still never

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seen it when it's at the farthest point

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it gets from the Sun so looking at all

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of these it's really interesting because

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we just don't know what's going to

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happen and using it as an example to

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look at other you know planets and other

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galaxies or solar systems is really

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important just for understanding how our

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planets actually evolved just on a basic

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planetary evolution scale we can look at

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our earth we can look at Mars we can

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guess and make theories and figure out

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what's going on but Pluto we can

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actually see what's going on we're

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seeing it change over just the course of

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two hundred years which is really cool

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and this is just really interesting so

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this is how our images have evolved

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since the 1990s so this is like our

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first ever image of Pluto and this is

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what we got last year so just to put it

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in perspective you know in 20 years

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we're seeing a huge amount of

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information gained and we're only going

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to see more because it's moving away

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because it's getting farther away

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because we're able to already track this

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precipitation it's really cool and

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really interesting and this short-term

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scales give us a better idea of how

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things are going to evolve and give us

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an idea of what to look for in the

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questions

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hello oh um this might be a very

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ignorant question because I'm not a

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remote sensing person how do you filter

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out methane in our atmosphere vs.

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methane on Pluto so there's not what

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we're looking through the main thing

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that we actually get blocked from our

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atmosphere is water vapor everything

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else is kind of negligible because we're

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looking past it and it doesn't absorb as

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much for what we're seeing so we don't

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have to really care about it like what

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we're seeing like Pluto's atmosphere for

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instance doesn't affect our data we're

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just looking at Pluto's surface

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composition but the water vapor and our

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absorption really affects how our data

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is changing but our methane doesn't

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really as far as I know unless I'm

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totally wrong okay so this might be kind

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of out there but um you know on Titan we

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have these possible lakes of

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hydrocarbons um would you expect to see

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anything in liquid phase on the surface

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of Pluto probably not it's way too cold

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but we are seeing salmon that cthulhu

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regio we're seeing tollens so we're

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seeing a lot of non methane hydrocarbons

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which brings us to say that we'd

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probably see them in that goopy maybe

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snow ish kind of form or an ice form but

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we really wouldn't see it in a liquid

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other questions yes I had a question so

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when you were talking about how you were

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going to get more organic goop deposited

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on the surface um would you expect that

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that organic material was being was

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already made or do you think you're

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going to be making the material from

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sort of surface processes once the

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methane is um snowed out or whatever so

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the goop is coming from the UV radiation

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reacting with methane so the goop is

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just basically non methane hydrocarbons

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so it's kind of being made in the

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atmosphere and kind of being made once

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it hits the surface it's just the

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reaction of methane with UV radiation so

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it just depends on where it's heading

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but once it precipitates down that's

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just methane fall into the service

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because it's too cold so it's kind of

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already there it's more what's it going

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to do once it gets there is that's what

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we're interested out because then it's

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retaining more UV radiation and other

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types of radiation absorbing all of that

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so that so I don't know what it's going

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to do but it's kind of being made just

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by there